IGCSE too easy for you...?

Greetings happy campers! Not one for keeping this class at IGCSE levels I have been looking through work that could extend those really bright ones amongst you. Which I must add is most of you actually.

In response to some of your questions I have answered "The answer to that question you will meet at A-level" and I know that some of you probably think "what a cop-out he just doesn't know" Well actually here is what I mean.

At A-level we study the same thing in more detail in a topic called acid equilibria. If you read the first few pages of an A-level textbook you can see that it's identical to what you have already learnt. They start off with details of acid reactions, tell you about indicators and tell you about the pH scale.

Then they start to tell you in depth about the numbers involved in making the pH scale, which are based on a logarithmic scale of H+ ions. And in answer to your question at the beginning of the acids and bases course this leads to the definiton of the letters pH which stands for Partial Pressure of Hydrogen ions hence the small p (sometimes written as a sort of double p letter).

After that you will learn about indicators and how they work over a really small range (remember that universal indicator is a mixture of indicators) and you will go more in depth with acids, understanding why some acids are strong.

Already you know that it's to do with hydrogen ions and the definiton of strong and concentrated should be well understood. At A-level we talk about something called the disociation constant (remember that the "strength" of an acid depends on all the H+ ions disociating in water) - this puts disociation into numbers that can be compared.

Here, solubility comes into the picture again.

So what you learn at IGCSE follows directly on from year 8 acids and alkalis goes to IGCSE Acids, bases and salts, then leads to Acid equilibria.

If you're interested in learning more the following uploaded files will really push you hard but I promise that if you can do them you will find ALL the answers to all your IGCSE questions on this topic and the IGCSE acids, bases and salts topic will seem like a walk in the park.

If you want to do the exercises in your book then feel free.

At present not all the files have been uploaded on this topic and I will have to take them down after a while to avoid infringing too many copyright laws.

You may find it helpful to know how to use logarithms before you start on these though...
(Don't worry too much about the filenames it's just automatic filenames I put on my scanner)

http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00001.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00002.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00003.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00004.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00005.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00006.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00007.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00008.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00009.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00010.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00011.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00012.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00013.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00014.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00015.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00016.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00017.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/sally500uk/CGPFoundationGCSEPhys00018.jpg

Give them a try - just challenge yourself.